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I have read that BMW instructs drivers to accelerate at 75% engine load and shift when the engine's mean piston speed reaches 1200-1500 feet per minute. Mean piston speed is a function of engine stroke and RPM.
Vp=RPM*S/6
Vp= mean piston speed
RPM= engine speed
S= engine stroke length, inches
This keeps you in closed-loop operation (for EFI) at high volumetric efficiency with low frictional horsepower loss for as short a time as possible before you can achieve steady-state cruise and/or EOC. It is what I like to say is accelerating "smartly."
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