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1987 GM Sunraycer solar car, Cd 0.089
https://calteches.library.caltech.ed.../MacCready.pdfIf this links, it will get you to an article about the AeroVironment/ GM Sunraycer development.
On page-5, you'll see an incomplete image of the 1/4-scale wind tunnel model they used at the GALCIT tunnel at Cal Tech University. As of 1987, this model registered the lowest drag of any land vehicle ever measured, @ Cd 0.089. In the photograph, you can just make out the full wheel fairing at the front wheel, part of a complete package. Concerns over crosswind gust stability of the 573- pound ( 260.4-kg ) total weight car led to removal of the entire wheel fairing package, which degraded the drag to Cd 0.125 @ zero-yaw. The car was later yaw-tested for SAE crosswind-averaged drag, with Cd 0.147. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The wheel fairings reduced drag by 36-counts ( 28.8% ), an approximate 80% drag reduction for the exposed wheels. In Goro Tamai's book, 'The Leading Edge,' he suggests that full, swept fairings could account for up to a 70% drag reduction of the wheels. Sunraycers' wheels are more exposed than many solar cars that would follow after 1987. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dr. Paul MacCready, who ran the program, estimated that a modestly-powered, internal combustion variant of Sunraycer would return 400- miles per gallon, highway. At 90- km/h, Sunraycer's total road-load power requirement was 2,000-Watts ( 35.76- Wh/Mile ), at Cd 0.125, 14.222 square feet frontal area ( 1.321 meters-squared ), and Coefficient of rolling-resistance of Cfrr- 0.00653. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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Modestly powered in this case probably means perhaps a limit of less than 5 hp.
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small MC engine
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I started down that road, got about $1,000 in parts collected, then after much meditation, decided that it would be a death trap. Where I live, anyway. There just doesn't seem to be any right to life in North Texas traffic. And no law enforcement. The car should have at least the performance of a 250 cc motorcycle. Ability to accelerate out of a dangerous situation, when braking won't save you. |
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minimum impact
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The radiator and ductwork could be 'off-shored' anywhere inside the body, unlike an air-cooled engine. If one was going to pull off a 2%- drag cooling system, liquid-cooling would seem the better choice. The drag reduction itself, would reduce the heat flux required to be rejected from the engine/ cooling system, a positive feedback. And the BSFC issue, another incentive. |
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