https://scientificgems.wordpress.com...ins-and-stuff/
https://delftsolarteam.com/legacy/nuna-13
NB the Dorsal Fins!
Those turn into the wind, with a bit of 'attack angle', creating forward thrust.
What AI has to say about a fin 2m high (well below max legal height),
with a chord that decreases from 1m to 0.5m at the top:
Rough Force Estimates (Physics-Based)
Using standard airfoil equations (½ ρ V² × Area × Coefficient), with a decent airfoil (Cl ≈ 1.0 at moderate AoA, Cd ≈ 0.08–0.12 → L/D around 10:1).
At stationary car, 25 km/h pure crosswind (typical breezy day in windy areas):
Forward thrust (from lift component): ~35–50 N
(~3.5–5 kg force)
Sideways force: ~80–120 N (~8–12 kg force) — still higher due to vector geometry, but not overwhelmingly so with a good wing.
At 40 km/h car speed + 25 km/h crosswind (common mixed condition):
Apparent wind improves → forward thrust rises to ~80–130 N
(8 to 13 kg) range, with better forward/side ratio.
At 80 km/h car speed + 25 km/h crosswind:
Forward thrust can reach 200–350+ N
(20 to 35+ kg) in good angles — that's genuinely useful (several percent of total drag on a small hatchback).