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Emissions are reported in grams per mile (gm/mi) format per the CFR. Fuel economy is measured by calculating the total Carbon in the exhaust (from the Total HC, CO, and CO2 readings). The Carbon content of the gasoline (or other Carbon-based fuel like Natural Gas, Ethanol, Propane, etc.) is a known quantity and the volume of fuel used can be calculated (the Carbon-Balance method is basically “what goes in must come out”). The distance traveled is divided by the volume of fuel used providing the mpg result.
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How_We_Measure_Emissions_and_Fuel_Economy_AAA_%20A utomobile_Research_Center.pdf