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...OCTANE rating is a "referenced" number that equates to the gasoline's ability to resist "pre-ignition" prior to the precise moment that ignition IS DESIRED to occur. NOTE that "pre-ignition" is any combustion that occurs before it was intended to occur, ie: pinging, detonation, etc.
...CETANE number is a statement about "how well" the diesel fuel combusts (smoothly vs. irregularly or sputtingly).
...OCTANE and CETANE are not the same, just as gasoline (spark-ignition) and diesel (compression-ignition) are not the same---although the two are murging with HCCI.
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