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I have an old SAE paper on engine friction laying around somewhere. My recollection is that throttling losses are the largest single source of efficiency loss / friction at part throttle. That's because the pressure drop is small at wide open throttle, and the flow rate is small at idle.
My thermodynamics (AKA thermogoddamics) is pretty rusty, but I think the correct equation has a natural log of the pressure ratio in it. Or something like that. And I'm not interested enough to look it up.
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06 Canyon: The vacuum gauge plus wheel covers helped increase summer 2015 mileage to 38.5 MPG, while summer 2016 mileage was 38.6 MPG without the wheel covers. Drove 33,021 miles 2016-2018 at 35.00 MPG.
22 Maverick: Summer 2022 burned 62.74 gallons in 3145.1 miles for 50.1 MPG. Winter 2023-2024 - 2416.7 miles, 58.66 gallons for 41 MPG.
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