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Reference #25 in that paper, "Compact Heat Exchangers", by Kays and London, is a very good book for anybody who wants to know why automobile radiators are designed the way they are.
Counterflow works best when the flow rates are low, and temperature changes are high. When the flow rates are high, and temperature changes are low, then a cross flow radiator works almost as well as a counterflow. In an automotive application, a cross flow radiator is cheaper than a slightly smaller counterflow radiator.
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06 Canyon: The vacuum gauge plus wheel covers helped increase summer 2015 mileage to 38.5 MPG, while summer 2016 mileage was 38.6 MPG without the wheel covers. Drove 33,021 miles 2016-2018 at 35.00 MPG.
22 Maverick: Summer 2022 burned 62.74 gallons in 3145.1 miles for 50.1 MPG. Winter 2023-2024 - 2416.7 miles, 58.66 gallons for 41 MPG.
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