I think the difference is in the transmission control. With cvt, manufacturer's decide what the transmission does. With manual, it's up to the driver.
Cvt is good, but people did not like the way they revved on aceleration. That's why they changed the control to simulate fixed gear ratios.
As to what the epa tests involve, that is well documented. Look here for example:
Detailed Test Information
The thing is that nobody drives exactly according to the epa test schedule. It is just a way to compare different vehicles under controlled conditions. Vehicle A is less thirsty than vehicle B.