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At 16:1 you are definitely not limiting NOx emissions. NOx conversion efficiency falls dramatically with excess oxygen and by the time you're at 16:1 most of the NOx you send to the cat is not converted, so that's actually the setting where you'll be producing maximum NOx.
Personally I'd attempt to run 17-18 because the lowered combustion temperature would reduce the NOx a little, and the excess air should help increase efficiency a bit. I also don't believe NOx is as big of a deal as the EPA says it is, because they let all those diesel trucks roll along the road producing far more NOx than a passenger car ever could while tightening our NOx emissions to <10 ppm. Your gas stove probably emits more NOx than your car does, and it emits it directly into your house.
Obviously if the engine is stumbling at those AFRs then it doesn't work. Maybe you need some hotter spark plugs?
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