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Lugging an engine means a lot of bad things. It all depends on the manufacturer and modifications as for what will die first.
Basically your asking an engine to perform well below it's power peak. RPM's can't supply oil flow, coolant flow, alternator, turbo air/exhaust flow, etc. pretty much all your engine functions are at minimum. Cylinder pressures can spike. All while your asking that engine to act like it's in the power band.
Imagine I give you a really heavy wheelbarrow and ask you to push it up a hill, you're going to move at whatever speed feels best for you. Now imagine I tell you to do it at 1/4 the speed. It's going to hurt and you're not going to like it. Depending on what your life has been your arms might quit first or your ankles in my case my knee due to a previous injury. That's lugging. Its why you see tractor trailers driving at all different speeds up grades, they're putting their engine in the best RPM band for their load.
Hopefully that explains lugging. Its bad.
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