[aerohead]

Here are some low-drag examples Hucho shared,from Rolf Buchheim et al.' wind tunnel research at the VW climatic wind tunnel.





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A hand full of the cars are at Cd 0.16,to Cd 0.15.
"A limit of between 0.14 and 0.16 results for a basic body with the same dimensions,but this time with wheels."
Lengthening the body is required to get below Cd 0.15,as in the long-tail VW 'Flow' body

Walter Lay measured Cd 0.12 with his long-tail model of 1933


Kamm and Fachsenfeld evaluated Lays model at the FKFS a decade later and got the same number.
All of 'Kamm's' research was predicated upon the streamline half-body of 1922,or wing sections,experimenting with truncation position vs drag











Kamm strove for an optimized drag compromize between the ideal long-tail,

and a 'practical' length variant

Kamm's best effort realized Cd 0.23,a little batter than a 2016 Tesla S


Wolfgang Klemperer measured Cd 0.15 for this model in 1922

Klemperer measured Cd 0.15-0.13 for Jaray's 'pumpkin seed',depending on lower edge radii according to Hucho

Jaray's body incorporates the first-known diffuser.