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If you want to lock CO2 back into the earth, recent experiments in Iceland show that carbonic acid injected into deep basalt formations will quickly form limestone, something they were not expecting. That ought to keep it out of circulation until it upheaves and begins eroding in a few million years.
Pumping CO2 into the air in anticipation of a coming ice age is unlikely to result in the benefit anticipated. CO2 is a weak climate driver.
Ice ages are good for plants and animals that adapted successfully to it. Overall, a cold planet grows less food and, therefore, cannot support as many organisms as a warm planet.
For humans, historical periods of advanced social and cultural growth and stability have coincided with warm periods, warmer than what we have now. Cold periods are associated with drought, famine, mass migration and war.
We are unlikely to be moving away from liquid hydrocarbons. They are energy dense, easy to store and transport, and the infrastructure is established worldwide. When we finally do run out of fossil sources, it can be synthesized from biomass, or even water and limestone (it has been proposed that energy generated by nuclear plants during off-peak hours be used to reform water and CO2 to synthesize hydrocarbons, thereby making use of "wasted" energy).
Humans are clever and adaptive survivors -- but they often overthink things.
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