You're confusing "guess" with "arbitrary selection". A guess relies on the best model of understanding a person has, regardless of how well that model is constructed. Arbitrary selection is to choose something based on no criteria.
To that end, science is fallible, as there is no certainty. There are simply better and worse guesses.
Meteorology is a field of science, yet their predictions (guesses) are based on their best attempt at understanding the variables given the data available. The fact that there will always be room to improve upon those predictions suggests an infinite amount of data and understanding exists.
A formal process for guessing isn't necessarily more accurate than an informal method of guessing, but the advantage is that it's largely reproducible.
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