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The main issue limiting top speed is wind drag while acceleration is a function of weight for a given amount of power. I suspect that the federal standard has to do with fitness for use. The states determine classes for registration. A VIN helps in determining ownership. The laws are changing especially for e-bikes. Some states treat all motorized bicycles the same, limiting only speed. Some have different laws for electrics; the 50 cc limit is common around the world. A human powered vehicle is not a motor vehicle but like pedestrians we are expected to obey traffic control measures.
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