Quote:
Originally Posted by ME_Andy
Have you read Hucho's book, Julian? I haven't either, but that seems like the obvious place to start.
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Yes, I first read that edition of Hucho in about 1988, and I've had my own copy for about a decade. I also have the current (5th) edition.
The only thing remotely like Aerohead's conception of a template in Hucho is this diagram, that shows
five completely different shapes, all with low drag.
All the rest (applying the template to existing cars to guide modifications, etc) is just Aerohead's theory. Those applications are supported in no textbook or paper I have ever read.
Here is the reference list of the papers and books I used when writing my book. (I read many more than are on this list; these are the ones I quote from.)
Books
Allen, J, Aerodynamics – the science of air in motion, 2nd edition, Granda Publishing, 1982
Barnard, RJ, Road Vehicle Aerodynamic Design, 3rd edition, MechAero, 2009
Frere, P, Porsche 911 Story, Haynes Publishing, 7th Edition, 2002
Hucho, WH (Ed), Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles, Butterworths, 1987
Katz, J, Race Car Aerodynamics – Designing for Speed, Robert Bentley Publishers, 1995
Kieselbach, RJF, Stromlinienautos in Deutschland, Kohlhammer, 1982
Scibor-Rylski, AJ, Road Vehicle Aerodynamics, Pentech Press, 1975
Tamai, G, The Leading Edge – Aerodynamic Design of Ultra-streamlined Land Vehicles, Bentley Publishers, 1999
Papers
Atkinson, J., “Research into the Potential of Variable Aerodynamic Properties to Modify Ground Vehicle Behaviour”, Coventry University, 2014
Bannister, M., "Drag and Dirt Deposition Mechanisms of External Rear View Mirrors and Techniques Used for Optimisation," SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-0486, 2000
Barnard, R.H., Bullen, P.R., Qiao, J., “Fixed and Variable Cooling Outlet Geometries for the Minimisation of Associated Drag,” Procs. 5th MIRA International Vehicle Aerodynamics Conference, Warwick, U K, 13-15 October 2004
Barth, R., "Effect of Unsymmetrical Wind Incidence on Aerodynamic Forces Acting on Vehicle Models and Similar Bodies," SAE Technical Paper 650136, 1965
Beauvais, F., Tignor, S., and Turner, T., "Problems of Ground Simulation in Automotive Aerodynamics," SAE Technical Paper 680121, 1968
Buckley, F., "ABCD - An Improved Coast Down Test and Analysis Method," SAE Technical Paper 950626, 1995
Buljac, A., Džijan, I., Korade, I. et al. “Automobile aerodynamics influenced by airfoil-shaped rear wing”, International Journal of Automotive Technology, 2016
Buscariolo, F., Magazoni, F., Maruyama, F., Alves, J. et al., "Aerodynamic Enablers Review for Automotive Applications," SAE Technical Paper 2016-36-0203, 2016.
Cai, J., Kapoor, S., Sikder, T., and He, Y., "Effects of Active Aerodynamic Wings on Handling Performance of High-Speed Vehicles," SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-1592, 2017
Chaligné S., Turner R., Gaylard A. (2018) The Aerodynamics Development of the New Land Rover Discovery. In: Wiedemann J. (eds) Progress in Vehicle Aerodynamics and Thermal Management. FKFS 2017. Springer, Cham
Cooper, K., Syms, J., and Sovran, G., "Selecting Automotive Diffusers to Maximise Underbody Downforce," SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-0354, 2000
D'Hooge, A., Palin, R., Johnson, S., Duncan, B. et al., "The Aerodynamic Development of the Tesla Model S - Part 2: Wheel Design Optimization," SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-0178, 2012
Emmelmann, H., Berneburg, H., and Schulze, J., "The Aerodynamic Development of the Opel Calibra," SAE Technical Paper 900317, 1990
Evrard, A. et al, “Comparative effects of vortex generators on Ahmed’s squareback and minivan car models”, Journal of Automobile Engineering, I Mech E, 2017
Froling, T. and Juechter, T., "2006 Chevrolet Corvette C6 Z06 Aerodynamic Development," SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-1943, 2005
Garcia de la Cruz, J., Brackston, R., and Morrison, J., "Adaptive Base-Flaps Under Variable Cross-Wind," SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-7000, 2017
George, A., "Automobile Aerodynamic Noise," SAE Technical Paper 900315, 1990
Howell, J. and Le Good, G., "The Influence of Aerodynamic Lift on High Speed Stability," SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0651, 1999
Janson, T, and Piechna, J., “Numerical Analysis of Aerodynamic Characteristics of a High-Speed car with Moveable Bodywork Elements”, Archive of Mechanical Engineering, Volume 62, Issue 4, Pages 451–476, ISSN (Online) 2300-1895, 2015
Kataoka, T., China, H., Nakagawa, K., Yanagimoto, K. et al., "Numerical Simulation of Road Vehicle Aerodynamics and Effect of Aerodynamic Devices," SAE Technical Paper 910597, 1991
Kataoka, S., et al, “Aerodynamics for Lancer Evolution X”, Mitsubishi Motors Technical Review, No 20, 2008
Kawakami, M., Murata, O., and Maeda, K., "Improvement in Vehicle Motion Performance by Suppression of Aerodynamic Load Fluctuations," SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars - Mech. Syst. 8(1):205-216, SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-1537, 2015
Kawamata, H., Kuroda, S., Tanaka, S., and Oshima, M., "Improvement of Practical Electric Consumption by Drag Reducing under Cross Wind," SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-1626, 2016
Koike, M., Nagayoshi, T., and Hamamoto, N., “Research on Aerodynamic Drag Reduction by Vortex Generators,” Mitsubishi Motors Technical Review, 2004, No 16.
Landström, C., Walker, T., Christoffersen, L., and Löfdahl, L., "Influences of Different Front and Rear Wheel Designs on Aerodynamic Drag of a Sedan Type Passenger Car," SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-0165, 2011
Larose, G., Belluz, L., Whittal, I., Belzile, M. et al., "Evaluation of the Aerodynamics of Drag Reduction Technologies for Light-duty Vehicles: a Comprehensive Wind Tunnel Study," SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars - Mech. Syst. 9(2):772-784, 2016
Le Good, G., Howell, J., Passmore, M., and Garry, K., "On-Road Aerodynamic Drag Measurements Compared with Wind Tunnel Data," SAE Technical Paper 950627, 1995
Le Good, G., Howell, J., Passmore, M., and Cogotti, A., "A Comparison of On-Road Aerodynamic Drag Measurements with Wind Tunnel Data from Pininfarina and MIRA," SAE Technical Paper 980394, 1998
Levin, J., and Rigdal R., “Aerodynamic analysis of drag reduction devices on the underbody of a SAAB 9-3 by using CFD”, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2011
Littlewood, R., Passmore, M., and Wood, D., "An Investigation into the Wake Structure of Square Back Vehicles and the Effect of Structure Modification on Resultant Vehicle Forces," SAE Int. J. Engines 4(2):2629-2637, SAE Technical Paper 2011-37-0015, 2011
Leuschen J., Cooper K.R. (2009) Summary of Full-Scale Wind Tunnel Tests of Aerodynamic Drag-Reducing Devices for Tractor-Trailers. In: Browand F., McCallen R., Ross J. (eds) The Aerodynamics of Heavy Vehicles II: Trucks, Buses, and Trains. Lecture Notes in Applied and Computational Mechanics, vol 41. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Lew, C., Gopalaswamy, N., Shock, R., Duncan, B. et al., "Aerodynamic Simulation of a Standalone Rotating Treaded Tire," SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-1551, 2017
Lounsberry, T., Gleason, M., and Puskarz, M., "Laminar Flow Whistle on a Vehicle Side Mirror," SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-1549, 2007
Marcell, R. and Romberg, G., "The Aerodynamic Development of the Charger Daytona for Stock Car Competition," SAE Technical Paper 700036, 1970
Mayer, W. and Wiedemann, J., "The Influence of Rotating Wheels on Total Road Load," SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-1047, 2007
Mayer, W. and Wickern, G., "The New Audi A6/A7 Family - Aerodynamic Development of Different Body Types on One Platform," SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars – Mech. Syst. 4(1):197-206, SAE Technical paper 2011-01-0175, 2011
Meder, J., “Aerodynamic Shapeshifter – The New Porsche 911 Turbo”, FKFS - 9th Aerodynamic Conference, 2013
Nakamura, D., Onishi, Y., and Takehara, Y., "Flow Field Analysis in the Development of the 2013 Model Year Accord Hybrid," SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-1534, 2015,
https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1534.
Ng, E., Watkins, S., Johnson, P., and Mole, L., "Use of a Pressure-Based Technique for Evaluating the Aerodynamics of Vehicle Cooling Systems," SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-0712, 2002
Okada, Y., Nouzawa, T., Nakamura, T., and Okamoto, S., "Flow Structures above the Trunk Deck of Sedan-Type Vehicles and Their Influence on High-Speed Vehicle Stability 1st Report: On-Road and Wind-Tunnel Studies on Unsteady Flow Characteristics that Stabilize Vehicle Behavior," SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars – Mech. Syst. 2(1):138-156, SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-0004, 2009
Palaskar, P., "Effect of Side Taper on Aerodynamics Drag of a Simple Body Shape with Diffuser and without Diffuser," SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-1621, 2016
Park, H., "A Rear-View Side Mirror with Exterior Lens to Improve Field of View and Aerodynamics of Automobiles," SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-1358, 2017,
https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-1358.
Passmore, M. and Le Good, G., "A Detailed Drag Study Using the Coastdown Method," SAE Technical Paper 940420, 1994
Pitman, J. and Gaylard, A., “An experimental investigation into the flow mechanisms around an SUV in open and closed cooling air conditions”, 11th FKFS Conference: Progress in Vehicle Aerodynamics and Thermal Management, 2017
Sapnaras, D. and Dimitriou, I., "Experimental Analysis of the Underbody Pressure Distribution of a Series Vehicle on the Road and in the Wind Tunnel," SAE Technical Paper 2008-01-0802, 2008
Santer, R. and Gleason, M., "The Aerodynamic Development of the Probe IV Advanced Concept Vehicle," SAE Technical Paper 831000, 1983
Schenkel, F., "The Origins of Drag and Lift Reductions on Automobiles with Front and Rear Spoilers," SAE Technical Paper 770389, 1977
Sebben, S., "Numerical Simulations of a Car Underbody: Effect of Front-Wheel Deflectors," SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1307, 2004
Shigarkanthi, V., Damodaran, V., Soundararaju, D., and Kanniah, K., "Application of Design of Experiments and Physics Based Approach in the Development of Aero Shutter Control Algorithm," SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-0155, 2011
Simmonds, N., Pitman, J., Tsoutsanis, P., Jenkins, K. et al., "Complete Body Aerodynamic Study of three Vehicles," SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-1529, 2017,
https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-1529.
Tortosa, N. and Karbon, K., "Aerodynamic Development of the 2011 Chevrolet Volt," SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars – Mech. Syst. 4(1):166-171, 2011
Unni, T., "Numerical Investigation on Aerodynamic Effects of Vanes and Flaps on Automotive Underbody Diffusers," SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-2163, 2017.
Vdovin, A., “Investigation of Aerodynamic Resistance of Rotating Wheels on Passenger Cars” Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2013
Wang, F., Yin, Z., Yan, S., Zhan, J. et al., "Validation of Aerodynamic Simulation and Wind Tunnel Test of the New Buick Excelle GT," SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars - Mech. Syst. 10(1):195-202, 2017, SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-1512
Wickern, G. and Brennberger, M., "Scaling Laws in Automotive Aeroacoustics," SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-0180, 2009
Magazine
Sherman, D., “Drag Queens: Aerodynamics Compared”, Car and Driver, June 2014