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There are several reasons. Bassically a cold engine requires a richer fuel mixture to run properly until it warms up. A choke on a carburetor used to perform this function, now its done seemlessly through the fuel injection system -you won't even feel this happening. Cold weather requires longer warm up times.
2 Cold air is denser during cold weather your engine can take in a greater mass of air, and add the corrosponding greater mass of fuel. this will give you noticable higher engine perfomance but worse gas milage
3 veriables in the weather, rain, snow, impede performance and increase drag on the vehicle, both aerodynamically and mechanically where the rubber meets the road.
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