I just thought redpoint5 might like the story. Back on topic: What is climate? What is change?
Climate is Space Weather. Change is coming.
A physics-engineering-economic model coupling approach for estimating the socioeconomic impacts of space weather scenarios
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The approach evaluates multiple power network architectures, incorporating input-output economic modeling to translate business and population disruptions into macroeconomic impacts from GIC-related thermal heating failures. The results indicate a daily GDP loss from $6 billion to over $10 billion. Even under conservative GIC thresholds (75 A/ph) aligned with thermal withstand limits from the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC), significant economic disruptions are evident. This study is limited by its restriction to thermal heating analysis, though GICs can also affect the grid through other pathways, such as voltage instability and harmonic distortions. Addressing these other failure mechanisms need to be the focus of future research.
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daily GDP loss from $6 billion to over $10 billion.