The golf ball comparison was to illustrate how turbulences can be used to keep flow attached to a surface. Votex generators are basically only "directional dimples" if you will, creating vortices acting as "controlled" turbulence lookalikes.
Even though you provided an explanation on the behavior of the flow, I would like to find out what exactly causes the noise.
IMHO, with the way the vortex generators are designed in the picture, they create as much vortices as turbulences.
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