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Originally Posted by njplanson
1) In my car, does the engine power the alternator which then charges/powers the battery which then powers my 12V outlets (and 110 outlet), as well as the HVAC?
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Exactly.
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2) If so, during normal operation of the vehicle, would power from solar panels plugged into a 12V socket directly power my HVAC and other 12V outlets, thereby reducing the load/draw on the alternator and therefore the engine?
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Yes, but the solar cells will only reduce the load on the alternator and therefore save fuel if their voltage is greater than the car's system voltage (roughly 13.5-14v with the engine running).
Also, glad to see that you recognize ("however slightly") the small potential power contribution of photovoltaics. (Not saying it's not worth pursuing.)