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Another key is anti-tuning. Tuning an intake manifold boost VE, and hence fuel usage (keeping bsfc constant). If you take your 12" long runners, and cut them to 4", you lower VE and boost fuel economy.
Late intake valve closing (Atkinson) reduces pumping loss, and hurts low speed VE (retard the cam a tooth or two). This lowers dynamic compression - the source of the power loss - so you can raise CR to bring back performance, and boost adiabatic and fuel conversion efficiency. Slap a turbo on to bring performance to standard, and you have a Miller engine.
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“Soft shapes follow us through life. Nature does not make angles. Hips and bellies and breasts — all the best designers have to do with erotic shapes and fluidity of form.” - Luigi Colani
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