One thing that occurs to me is that the basic rims that were under the wheel covers in these tests were very well-ventilated 5-spoke rims. In Fig. 21, the "total" curves for a full cover and the optimal cover are quite close together. If the test were done with standard pressed steel rims, which are less well ventilated because they have many small holes, perhaps the full covers would give better comparative performance than in the test.
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