I like the idea and think it could somewhat work if the components were carefully selected and engineered, however the cost and complexity might not make it worth it.
If it were me, I'd instead focus on programming the alternator to electronically shutdown during normal engine operation, and startup during DFCO. Then I would select an appropriately sized LiFePO4 to replace the inefficient lead acid battery, trying to locate it somewhere within the passenger compartment or under a seat (for better temperature control). You could program the Arduino to re-engage the alternator if the voltage drops below some set threshold.
The trick would be keeping the battery from frying, which might be where a supercap and DC/DC converter might come in to act as a buffer.
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