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The autonomous cars I have seen have about 8 different sensors - that is a LOT of data. It all has to be integrated, to construct an accurate 3-dimensional picture of the world.
Each of those sensors is subject to it's own challenges: weather, obstructions, etc.
The overall picture then has to be interpreted - this will take a STAGGERING amount of computing power. Think of a gaming computer - that is simply displaying a largely canned 3D model. Scanning the space around a moving car is MUCH harder than a state-of-the-art game.
Making sense of all the data - and then "deciding" what is important, or what COULD be important - is a Herculean task.
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