Many places like Montana don't have any emission rules or testing. Even California if it's a diesel 1997 or older or a gas 1975 or older it doesn't require and trip to a smog inspector. DMV will just issue plates. It may technically fall outside of some regulation as when swapping a newer engine into an older car, California then requires you to meet the newer standard. In practice though they won't even open the hood if it's that old, and in other cases say swapping in say a 2020 6.6 Chevy V8 into a 1999 Chevy pickup could be done where even a GM engineer couldn't tell without tearing it apart and measuring cylinders.
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