Especially the unrealistic European test method was to blame. EPA is much more realistic and achievable in daily traffic.
On top of that, the EA189 diesel engines (1.2 - 1.6 - 2.0 TDI from 2009 - 2015) where notorious for the dieselgate affair. Those engines had software that could recognize testing conditions and switched to a very economical program with very little power. That sounds very good to a hypermiler, but that 'program' was impossible to enable by owners in production cars. On the other hand, the dieselgate engines where much more powerful than those of competitors but also much more polluting.
I have a VW 1.2 TDI dieselgate engine in my car, and getting a respectable 55 + MPG with normal driving conditions. The bad software has been removed a couple of years ago and the car has consumed a little less since than. But I also notice less eagerness at higher speeds.
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