Diesels dont need mufflers and yes it rattles like a cans inside your exhaust.
Cold start looks like a choke knob from back in the day.
It in turns moves a never back and forth on the injector pump.
It changes the timing in 1 position and position 2 it ups the idle, position 3 its off.
If you use too much oil in the km filter it will work too well and trap too much trash. Try a warm air intake and a cold air intake.
Another thing to do is once you get it figured out try different driving techniques. If 3rd and 4th gear seems similar it would show you do not have over drive. Some 81s did and others do not.
If you have over drive there is a significant difference between 3rd and 4th gear and in many cases you need to shift back to 3rd to accelerate on even a mild grade or just maintain your current speed.
Lastly have you checked your valves? I know the mercedes diesels had 2 different settings for lashdepending on if you wanted more economy or more power.
Also try with the pcv connected if you have disconnected it. Although it can blow a lot of oil and foul the filter it does recirculate combustionable fumes back into the engine.