BORPower additive?

[aerohead]

Originally Posted by freebeard

Sun TZU wrote Art of War. There were no nation states at that time. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state#Origins

Consider any sovereign who flies a flag and is recognized by another sovereign. Like 'China'.

[aerohead]

Originally Posted by freebeard

What changed?

Everything on the list is different and is it's own talking point for future discussion.
Remember, this is going to take a 'semester' to discuss.

[freebeard]

Consider any sovereign who flies a flag and is recognized by another sovereign. Like 'China'.

Consider en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state#Before_the_nation-state

In Europe, during the 18th century, the classic non-national states were the multiethnic empires,
...
This type of state is not specifically European: such empires existed in Asia, Africa and the Americas. Chinese dynasties, such as the Tang dynasty, the Yuan dynasty, and the Qing dynasty, were all multiethnic regimes governed by a ruling ethnic group.

[aerohead]

For 'worn-out' engines circa the 1991 Argonne 'Patent', I'll begin a list of conditions associated with motor oils, observed in between oil and filter change intervals, engine technologies, and quantifying test methodologies used to collect data:
* Alternator-field voltage reduction under acceleration
* ambient temperatures
* anti-oxidant additives
* anti-wear additives
* applied loads
* asperities
* asphalt formation
* ASME ( American Society of Mechanical Engineers )
* ASTM Cyclic Break-In
* ASTM Sequence test cycles
* ASTM proprietary baseline flushing oil ( BLFO )
* ASTM engine warming
* Atkinson cycle
* Auto-stop-start
* break-in oils, or special/elaborate new engine break-in procedures
* boundary lubrication region
* camshaft / tappet sliding friction
* carbon formation
* carburetor
* choke
* churning
* coasting-testing
* coefficient of friction
* cold-cranking 'lubricity' inadequacy
* Common-rail electronic fuel injection
* Continuously Variable Transmission ( CVT )
* Crankshaft position sensor
* CVCC
* DI ( direct fuel injection )
* DOHC ( double overhead camshaft )
* 'dusty' conditions
* Electronic engine control unit ( ECU )
* EFI ( electronic fuel injection )
* Electronic ignition
* Electronic lockup torque converters
* engine 'speed'
* EPA ( US Environmental Protection Agency ) test cycles
* Ethanol alcohol
* E-85
* evaporation
* EGR ( exhaust gas recirculation )
* extended idling
* Film strengths
* Fired-testing
* Flash point
* Friction-modifiers ( FM )
* full-film hydrodynamic lubrication region
* Fully-warmed testing ( thermally-equilibrated )
* 'Gasohol'
* GF1 motor oils
* graphite
* gum formation
* 'high-point'
* high-speed oxidation
* high-temperature oxidation
* Knock-sensor
* Lead-tetraethyl
* Low-tension piston-rings
* Messier electric water pump
* 'Mineral' oils
* mixed-film lubrication region
* MTBE ( methyl tertiary Butyl Ether )
* NEDC test cycles
* nitric acid formation
* Nitrogen-oxides ( NOx )
* 'normal' driving
* On-Board-Diagnostics-I
* On-Board-Diagnostics-II
* oil filter media pore clogging
* oil starvation
* Organic molybdenum
* Overdrive transmissions
* oxidation
* Oxygen-sensor
* Port fuel injection
* powered-testing
* pumpability
* push-rod OHV actuation
* 'racing'
* 'reference' oils
* resin formation
* roller-cam rolling friction
* SAE ( Society of Automotive Engineers )
* 'scuffing'
* serpentine drive delt
* 'severe' driving
* shear
* short trips
* SOHC ( single overhead camshaft )
* slow driving
* sludge formation
* stop-and-go operation
* sulfuric acid formation
* 'Superfinishing' ( chemically-accelerated vibratory finishing )
* sustained high-speed operation
* Synthetic motor oils
* thermal equilibration
* thermally-controlled electric cooling fan
* thickening
* TBI ( throttle-body fuel injection )
* trailer towing
* un-burned hydrocarbons
* VTEC ( variable valve timing and lift electronic control )
* varnish formation
* viscosity increase
* volatization
* 'Winter' operation
* WLTC
* ZDDP

[freebeard]

Let's fool around and see what we can find out.

phys.org: Solid state lubricant uses atomically thin sheets to achieve extremely low friction

The team has now presented a new type of material with special properties: The lubricant COK-47 is not liquid like lubricating oil, but a powdery solid substance. On a nanoscale, it consists of stacks of atomically thin sheets, like a tiny stack of cards.

When the material comes into contact with water molecules, these platelets can slide past each other very easily—a so-called tribofilm is created, which ensures extremely low friction. This makes COK-47 a highly interesting lubricant in humid conditions.

The research is published in the journal Advanced Science.

Organic and inorganic: The best of both worlds

The research team has been working with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for years. These are a new class of materials that consist of inorganic building blocks connected by organic molecules. There are many possibilities of adapting these materials at an atomic level for a specific purpose—for example, Dominik Eder's group has used them in recent years as photocatalysts for hydrogen production or for water purification.

In most cases, metal-organic framework compounds are nanoparticles that contain clusters of metal atoms, linked by organic compounds. "However, the material COK-47 has an important special feature," explains chemist Pablo Ayala, co-author of the current study. "The inorganic components of this material are two-dimensional sheets of titanium oxide—and this dramatically influences its behavior."

Detailed investigations have now shown that in a humid environment, water molecules separate the bonds between the titanium oxide sheets, allowing the flat structures to slide past each other and thus form a so-called "tribofilm." Such a sliding film can be extremely effective in reducing friction, for example between two moving parts in a machine.