BORPower additive?

[aerohead]

Originally Posted by freebeard

Sun TZU wrote Art of War. There were no nation states at that time. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state#Origins

Consider any sovereign who flies a flag and is recognized by another sovereign. Like 'China'.

[aerohead]

Originally Posted by freebeard

What changed?

Everything on the list is different and is it's own talking point for future discussion.
Remember, this is going to take a 'semester' to discuss.

[freebeard]

Consider any sovereign who flies a flag and is recognized by another sovereign. Like 'China'.

Consider en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state#Before_the_nation-state

In Europe, during the 18th century, the classic non-national states were the multiethnic empires,
...
This type of state is not specifically European: such empires existed in Asia, Africa and the Americas. Chinese dynasties, such as the Tang dynasty, the Yuan dynasty, and the Qing dynasty, were all multiethnic regimes governed by a ruling ethnic group.

[aerohead]

For 'worn-out' engines circa the 1991 Argonne 'Patent', I'll begin a list of conditions associated with motor oils, observed in between oil and filter change intervals, engine & lubricant technologies, and quantifying test methodologies used to collect data up to the present:
* agglomeration
* air density
* Alternator-field voltage reduction under acceleration
* ambient temperatures
* American Petroleum Institute ( API )
* American Society of Mechanical Engineers ( ASME )
* American Society for Testing and Materials ( ASTM )
* anti-corrosion
* anti-foaming additives
* anti-oxidant additives
* anti-rust additives
* anti-wear additives
* applied loads
* asperities
* asphalt formation
* ASME ( American Society of Mechanical Engineers )
* ASTM Cyclic Break-In
* ASTM 'Car Manufacturer' Sequence test cycles
* ASTM proprietary baseline flushing oil ( BLFO )
* ASTM engine warming
* Atkinson cycle
* Auto-stop-start
* boundary lubrication region
* breaker-point ignition
* break-in oils, or special/elaborate new engine break-in procedures
* brake specific fuel consumption ( BSFC )
* brake thermal efficiency ( BTE )
* camshaft / tappet sliding friction
* carbon formation
* carburetor
* catalytic converter
* chassis dynamometer
* choke
* Chromium Nitride physical vapor deposition
* churning
* CLTC test cycles
* climbing resistance
* clogged oil filter
* clogged oil-pump pickup screen
* coasting-testing
* coefficient of aerodynamic drag ( Cd )
* coefficient of friction
* coefficient of power absorption ( Cfr ) [ tires ]
* cold-cranking 'lubricity' inadequacy
* colloidal suspension
* 'coking'
* 'conformity' ( piston-rings-to-cylinder walls )
* Common-rail electronic fuel injection
* condensation
* Continuously Variable Transmission ( CVT )
* constant load
* constant pressure
* cooling
* crankcase acid transport
* crankshaft bearing friction
* Crankshaft position sensor
* crosswind
* cruise control
* curves
* CVCC
* Cylinder bore damage
* desulfuring
* destructive pre-detonation
* dewaxing
* Diesel exhaust particulate trap
* DI ( direct fuel injection )
* DOHC ( double overhead camshaft )
* dual-pulley, dual-speed, engine accessory drive ( FoMoCo )
* 'dusty' conditions
* eight-speed transmissions
* Electronic engine control unit ( ECU )
* EFI ( electronic fuel injection )
* Electronic ignition
* Electronic lockup torque converters
* emulsions
* engine failure
* engine parasitic friction
* engine power
* engine 'speed'
* EPA ( US Environmental Protection Agency ) test cycles
* Ethanol alcohol
* E-85
* evaporation
* EGR ( exhaust gas recirculation )
* extended idling
* extreme-cold
* extreme-pressure ( EP ) additives
* fatigue life
* Film strengths
* Fired-testing
* Flash point
* flash temperature ( contacting surfaces )
* friction coefficient
* Friction-modifiers ( FM )
* friction torque
* full-film hydrodynamic lubrication region
* Fully-warmed testing ( thermally-equilibrated )
* 'Gasohol'
* Gasoline Direct Injection ( GDI )
* GF1 motor oils
* GF2 motor oils
* GF3 motor oils
* GF4 motor oils
* GF5 motor oils
* graphite
* gum formation
* headwind
* heavily varnished engine
* 'high-point'
* high-speed oxidation
* high-swirl combustion chamber / piston-crown
* high-temperature oxidation
* hydrodynamic shearing forces
* idle fuel consumption ( carburetor )
* kinematic viscosity
* Knock-sensor
* Lead-tetraethyl
* Low-tension piston-rings
* lubricity
* maximum unit load
* mechanical, BOSCH-STANODYNE fuel injection
* Messier electric water pump
* micropitting
* 'Mineral' oils
* mixed-film lubrication region
* MTBE ( methyl tertiary Butyl Ether )
* 'motorsports oil blend'
* NASA Lewis Research Center
* Napthene oil
* NEDC ( New European Driving Cycle ) test cycles
* Newtonian Fluid
* nine-speed transmissions
* nitric acid formation
* Nitrogen-oxides ( NOx )
* Non-Newtonian Fluid
* 'normal' driving
* On-Board-Diagnostics-I
* On-Board-Diagnostics-II
* oil 'beading'
* oil contamination
* oil detergents / dispersants
* oil film strength
* oil filter media pore clogging
* 'oiliness'
* oil pump friction
* oil seal compatibility
* oil starvation
* oil thickening
* oil thinning
* oil viscosity
* oil viscosity increase
* oil volatility
* oil weight loss
* Organic molybdenum
* Overdrive transmissions
* over-smooth
* overheating
* oxidation
* Oxygen-sensor
* 'oxygenated' gasoline
* paraffin
* paraffin crystallization
* partially-oxidized hydrocarbons
* Pascal fluid
* Pennsylvania oil
* piston-ring / cylinder-wall friction
* piston-skirt friction
* 'plowing'
* Port fuel injection
* pour-point
* powered-testing
* projected frontal area ( Af )
* pumpability
* push-rod OHV actuation
* 'racing'
* rain
* random isotropic irregularities
* reciprocating motion
* reduced-tension piston-rings
* 'reference' oils
* resin formation
* Road Load
* roller-cam rolling friction
* rolling resistance
* SAE ( Society of Automotive Engineers )
* SAE J2807 'Davis Dam Towing Test'
* 'scuffing'
* serpentine drive belt
* seven-speed transmissions
* 'severe' driving
* shear
* short trips
* six-speed transmissions
* SOHC ( single overhead camshaft )
* slow driving
* sludge formation
* small-diameter valve stems
* soot
* 'spin-losses'
* starting load
* stop-and-go operation
* strain
* streamlined water pump impellor
* stuck piston-rings
* stuck thermostat
* sulfated ash
* sulfuric acid formation
* 'Superfinishing' ( chemically-accelerated vibratory finishing )
* surfactants
* sustained high-speed operation
* Synthetic motor oils
* tailwind
* tar
* ten-speed transmissions
* Test Parts Evaluation ( ASTM )
* thermal breakdown
* thermal equilibration
* thermally-controlled electric cooling fan
* thickening
* thixotropic substance
* TBI ( throttle-body fuel injection )
* Titanium Nitride physical vapor deposition
* topography
* traffic / congestion
* trailer towing
* tune-up
* turbocharging
* un-burned hydrocarbons
* under-inflated tires
* under piston crown deposits
* unidirectional load
* U.S.ARMY Research and Development Center
* unleaded gasoline
* 'unlimited' speed limit
* urea, diesel exhaust fluid
* variable coatings ensemble synergy
* VTEC ( variable valve timing and lift electronic control )
* varnish formation
* viscosity increase
* viscosity-index ( VI ) improvers
* viscous friction
* volatility
* wax
* wheel alignment
* wind
* 'Winter' operation
* WLTC test cycles
* ZDDP

[freebeard]

Let's fool around and see what we can find out.

phys.org: Solid state lubricant uses atomically thin sheets to achieve extremely low friction

The team has now presented a new type of material with special properties: The lubricant COK-47 is not liquid like lubricating oil, but a powdery solid substance. On a nanoscale, it consists of stacks of atomically thin sheets, like a tiny stack of cards.

When the material comes into contact with water molecules, these platelets can slide past each other very easily—a so-called tribofilm is created, which ensures extremely low friction. This makes COK-47 a highly interesting lubricant in humid conditions.

The research is published in the journal Advanced Science.

Organic and inorganic: The best of both worlds

The research team has been working with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for years. These are a new class of materials that consist of inorganic building blocks connected by organic molecules. There are many possibilities of adapting these materials at an atomic level for a specific purpose—for example, Dominik Eder's group has used them in recent years as photocatalysts for hydrogen production or for water purification.

In most cases, metal-organic framework compounds are nanoparticles that contain clusters of metal atoms, linked by organic compounds. "However, the material COK-47 has an important special feature," explains chemist Pablo Ayala, co-author of the current study. "The inorganic components of this material are two-dimensional sheets of titanium oxide—and this dramatically influences its behavior."

Detailed investigations have now shown that in a humid environment, water molecules separate the bonds between the titanium oxide sheets, allowing the flat structures to slide past each other and thus form a so-called "tribofilm." Such a sliding film can be extremely effective in reducing friction, for example between two moving parts in a machine.

[aerohead]

Originally Posted by freebeard

Let's fool around and see what we can find out.

phys.org: Solid state lubricant uses atomically thin sheets to achieve extremely low friction

A challenge for the 'humid' stipulation inside an engine is constrained when conducting an ASTM Sequence-III E test cycle, on an engine operating at wide-open-throttle, at 3,000-RPM, at heavy load, with 302-F ( 150-C ) oil, for up to 256-hours continuously, at atmospheric pressure, and then a 200,000-mile emissions performance test ( Mobil Corporation ).

[freebeard]

Of course, but what do you think of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in general?

[aerohead]

Originally Posted by freebeard

Of course, but what do you think of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in general?

I doubt I'll ever have the time to think about them, as it's not 'actionable' information for someone like me.
People are a curious lot, and I hope those researching them have a blast, and no regrets for the time they'll invest.
Additive manufacture of cubic-octet, metallic 'bird-bone' will probably remain the most interesting thing to me, happening within my lifetime. It will be 'transformational'.

[aerohead]

From: Norm Hunstead, General Motors Research Laboratories:
- Driven daily in a clean environment
- For at least 20-miles ( 32.18-km )
- with at least 5-miles ( 8-km ) at a steady speed
- at ambient temperatures between 32-F to 90-F ( 0-C to 32.2-C )
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Any driving 'outside' these parameters constitutes 'SEVERE' driving.

[aerohead]

* Auto-Stop-Start........................................... 7.5% mpg gain
* Clogged oil filter.......................................... 1-mpg loss
* Cold-Start vs Fully-warmed driving................ 20% mpg loss
* Cold Tires ( 70-F )....................................... 8% reduced mpg
* Complete elimination of engine friction (WLTC) 2.08% mpg gain
* 18-mph crosswind at 50-mph........................ 2% reduced mpg
* Driving at 10-mph compared to 20-mph......... 36% reduced mpg
* Driving at 50-F compared to 70-F.................. 5% reduced mpg
* Driving at 20-F compared to 70-F.................. 11% reduced mpg
* Driving 55-mph vs 45-mph........................... 10% reduced mpg
* Dual-speed engine accessory drive ( FORD )... 0.5 mpg gain
* 18-mph headwind at 50-mph........................ 17% reduced mpg
* Idling for 3-minutes..................................... 1-mile of driving lost
* 1% weight Mos2 dispersed in oil ( 1963-1974 ) 4.4% mpg gain
* 28% Overdrive transmission......................... 19% mpg gain
* 5% engine parasitic friction reduction............. 1% mpg gain
* Rain ( enough to leave 'tracks' ).................... 1.0-mpg loss
* Reduced-tension piston-rings........................ 1-2% mpg gain
* Roller-cam............................................... ... 1-2%-mpg gain Highway
* Roller-cam............................................... ... 2-4% mpg gain CITY
* SAE10W-30 changed to SAE5W-30................. 1.2% mpg gain
* SAE10W-40 changed to SAE5W-30................. 2.0% mpg gain
* SHELL Rotella T6 Syn Diesel oil 15W-40 changed to 5W-40= 1.5% mpg gain
* SE motor oil at 6,000-miles compared to 'new' 3.4% mpg loss
* Stop and Go driving..................................... 100% reduced mpg
* Stuck thermostat........................................ . 7% reduced mpg
* Tuneup............................................ ........... 11% reduced mpg
* Under-inflated tires...................................... 3% reduced mpg
* 5% weight gain........................................... 1% mpg loss
* Wheel alignment......................................... . 2% mpg loss